Hypertensive nephropathy treatment

Belgyógyászati KlinikaBudapest, Korányi S. A társaságok tagjai számára ingyenes.

Major, SG: Blood pressure in diabetes mellitus: a statistical study. Arch Int Med Dawber, TR: Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In: Framingham Study. Cambridge, MA, Harvard Univ.

A folyóiratban megjelenõ közleményekrõl külön lenyomat A folyóiratban valamennyi írásos és képi anyag közlési joga a szerkesztõséget illeti. A megjelent anyag, illetve annak egy részének bármilyen formában történõ másolásához, ismételt megjelentetéséhez a szerkesztõség hozzájárulása szükséges.

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On the one hand, renal dysfunction and particularly renal disease can cause an increase in blood pressure, while on the other hand, high blood pressure accelerates loss of function of the diseased kidney.

Transplantation studies, both in experimental animals and humans, documented that blood pressure goes with the kidney : a normotensive recipient of a kidney genetically programmed for hypertension will become hypertensive, while conversely hypertensive patients with renal failure receiving the kidney of a normotensive donor may become normotensive. Family studies showed higher blood pressure values and more frequent hypertension in first degree relatives of patients with primary glomerulonephritis or diabetic nephropathy, suggesting that genes coding for hypertension increase also the risk of renal disease.

The mechanisms through which blood pressure increases in renal disease comprise: salt and water retention, inappropriate activity of the renin angiotensin system RAS and of the sympathetic nerve system as well as impaired endothelial cell-mediated vasodilatation.

There is hypertensive nephropathy treatment evidence, both in primary renal disease and in nephropathy of type 1 or type 2 diabetes, that pharmacological blockade of the RAS by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ACEI or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers ATRB has blood pressure-independent renoprotective effects, and may reduce proteinuria.

Since, according to recent concepts, proteinuria is a nephrotoxin, apart from blood pressure, proteinuria is a further and partially blood pressure independent indication for antihypertensive treatment using ACEI or ATRB for patients with diabetic nephropathy or primary renal diseases.

Brenner 1 proposed the hypothesis, that deviations of the kidney structure are found in patients with so called essential hypertension i.

This hypothesis is supported by a number of experimental and clinical observations. Stereologic investigation of the kidney revealed significant glomerular enlargement 2.

HYPERTONIA ÉS NEPHROLOGIA A Magyar Hypertonia Társaság és a Magyar Nephrologiai Társaság lapja

Similarly, in the bacground of spontaneous hypertension, proteinuria, and glomerulosclerosis of MWF rats, a reduced nephron number was detected with stereologic methods 3. The number of glomeruli and glomerular volume were investigated stereologically with a modified Gundersen fractionator method. A significantly lower number of glomeruli per kidney was noted in hypertensive individuals than in the matched controls Figure 1.

• A hipertónia kezelésének szempontjai vesetranszplantációt követően
• Diabétesz kezelésében újság
• Diabetes insipidus copeptin
• A vérnyomáscsökkentők váratlan hatása - HáziPatika - Hipertónia halasztása

At the same time, the glomerular volume was significantly greater in hypertensive individuals than in matched controls Figure 1. Such increase in glomerular volume may constitute a compensatory mechanism.

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Of course it was important to exclude one artefact, i. In this study there was no histological evidence of glomerular loss hypertensive nephropathy. The findings of this postmortal human study fits nicely with a series of animal experiments which have shown that hypertension and normotension can be transferred from a donor to a recipient by transplanting hypertensive nephropathy treatment kidney, i.

The most elegant studies on this topics were reported by Rettig et al 6. He showed that, transplantation of a kidney from a genetically hypertensionprone donor rat, even when it had been kept normotensive from weaning by antihypertensive medication, caused a progressive increase of blood pressure in a recipient animal which was immunologically manipulated to prevent rejection.

This finding is extremely interesting: a kidney genetically programmed to develop high blood pressure forces an organism programmed for normotension to develop hypertension, although the recipient s central nervous system, volume control systems, sympathetic nervous system, heart function etc are all geared for normotension. In contrast, and quantitatively less impressive, transplantation of a kidney from a donor genetically programmed for normotension lowered blood pressure in the recipient 7.

Although animal experiments are very nice, most reader of this paper deal with hypertensive patients and not hypertensive rats.

Ugyanakkor azonban még nem történtek kontrollkísérletes, randomizált vizsgálatok annak bizonyítására, hogy a diabetesben gyakori atherosclerosis kialakulásában ezen lipideltérések döntő szerepet játszanak-e, hasonlóan a nem-cukorbeteg egyéneken észleltekhez. Lehetséges továbbá az is, hogy a hyperlipidaemia a DNP progressiójának is rizikófaktora. A microalbuminuria korai felismerése és befolyásolási lehetőségei Az előzőekben elmondottak alapján a microalbuminuria korai felismerésének érdekében ajánlható algoritmust a 2. Ha az átmeneti microalbuminuriához vezető körülményeket 2.

Is the above experimental observation also true for humans? Of course, no controlled studies are available where kidneys from patients with essential hypertension were transplanted to normotensive recipients or conversely.

Hipertónia halasztása.

However uncontrolled data strongly suggest that recipients of kidneys from donors with essential hypertension develop hypertension more frequently than recipients of kidneys from normotensive donors 8, 9. It has also been shown that kidney graft recipients required more antihypertensive medication if the grafts had been obtained from genetically hypertension-prone donors 8.

In particular, recipients of kidneys from donors dying from cerebral hemorrhage, presumably caused by hypertension, had a higher risk to develop hypertension 9. Because of numerous scores ±0. However, Curtis et al 11 showed very convincingly, that conversly, the transplantation of a kidney from a normotensive donor can permamently normalise the blood pressure of recipients with essential hypertension.

HÍRKATEGÓRIÁK

He studied 6 black patients with essential hypertension of unknown origin who became dialysis dependent as a result of hypertensive nephrosclerosis without any histologic signs of primary kidney disease. After these patients had received a kidney from a normotensive donor, all of them became normotensive and this persisted during a 4. There was evidence of hypertensive nephropathy treatment of hypertensive damage to the heart and retinal vessels, and of completely normal blood pressure responses to salt deprivation and salt loading.

Which factors, genetic or environmental, could be potentially responsible for the hypertensinogenic effects of the kidney and, according to Brenner s hypothesis for so called nephron underdosing?

Hypertension and nephrology

Since the pioneering experiment of Weitz in the ies of the last century we know that genetic factors play a key role in essential hypertensive nephropathy treatment We must, therefore, suppose that the number of functional nephrons is genetically determined.

Hypertensive nephropathy treatment hypothesis is also supported by the race dependent differences in glomerular count in humans However, there are also many animal experiments hypertensive nephropathy treatment human studies which suggest that during the fetal period environmental factors may also influence renal 0. Langley et al 14 have shown that dietary protein restriction of pregnant rats caused high blood pressure in the offspring.

In humans Merlet-Benichou et al 15 showed that newborns with lower birth weight as an indirect sign of fetal malnutrition had a lower nephron number than newborns with normal birth weight. The role of the kidney in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension is probably not only due to potential structural alterations, such as lower nephron number, but also due to changes in kidney function. According to this concept, because the gain of the blood-pressure-natriuresis relationship overrides all other regulatory systems, the ultimate determinant of blood pressure must always be the hypertensive nephropathy treatment handling of sodium.

It hypertensive nephropathy treatment interesting that renal function, as reflected by the blood pressure-natriuresis relationship, can be disturbed as a consequence of extrarenal causes. Lombardi et al 17 performed a very interesting experiment.

However when normotensive rats had temporarily been rendered hypertensive by infusing angiotensin II and after they had subsequently become normotensive when angiotensin II infusion had been stopped, they had permanently become sodium sensitive. The kidney remembered so to speak the injury induced by angiotensin Lehetőségek a bab cukorbetegség kezelésében. Hypertensive nephropathy treatment these animals were later exposed to a high sodium intake their blood pressure increased and they again developed hypertension.

The shift of the blood pressure-natriuresisrelationship under hormonal influences such as mineralo and glucocorticoid excess 18testosteron 19 and estrogen 20 etc is well known.

Introduction

However it is also interesting that for example dietary factors such as high intake of unsaturated fatty acid 21or high potassium intake 22, 23 can shift this relationship. These experimental findings prompted the DASH study, designed to investigate the influence of such dietary factors on blood pressure in humans Which mechanisms cause the increase of blood pressure in kidney disease? Elegant evidence for disturbed renal sodium excretion leading to hypervolemia was provided by Schmid et al In his study blood pressure of patients with polycystic kidney disease PKD was increased after a high sodium load, even when glomerular filtration was still normal.

In PKD patients, concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide ANP were higher indicating hypervolemia, both at low and high sodium intake. It is well known that in patients with primary renal disease the activity of the renin-angiotensin system is inadequately high.

Kuczera et al 26 showed in the isolated perfused hindlimb preparation of subtotally nephrectomized rats that this is true hypertensive nephropathy treatment only for the renal, but also for the local renin-angiotensin system of the vessel wall.

In the kidney an important but not the sole mechanism, responsible for increased and unregulated renin secretion is luminal narrowing of preglomerular vessels because of vascular sclerosis. Hypertensive nephropathy treatment the baroreceptor will measure a falsely low perfusion pressure analogous to the kidney with a Goldblatt clip on the renal artery.

Veszélyes kombó: magas vérnyomás és prediabétesz utosfeszt. Account Options Akár monoterápiát, akár kombinációs kezelést kezdünk, a gyógyszeradagok lépcsőzetes emelését javasolja a célvérnyomás eléréséig, és a kettős kombináció maximális dózisát elérve ajánlja harmadik szer alkalmazását. A JNC8 diabetes fennállásától és bőrszíntől függetlenül ajánlja az ACE-gátló vagy ARB alkalmazását vesebetegekben 17, 18a véletlen besorolásos, kontrollcsoportos vizsgálatok vesefunkcióra vonatkozó kimeneteli változóira gyakorolt kedvező hatásuk miatt. Az ajánlás kiemeli, hogy az ACE-gátló vagy ARB-terápia mellett a szérumkreatinin- és -káliumszint mérése elengedhetetlen, és a vesefunkció jelentős romlása vagy a hyperkalaemia a gyógyszer adagjának csökkentését vagy a gyógyszer felfüggesztését is eredményezheti.

More renin will therefore be secreted. In subjects with healthy kidneys plasma renin activity falls asymptotically with increasing blood pressure.

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In contrast in patients with kidney disease renin secretion is inadequately suppressed and plasma renin activity remains inappropriately high.